Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder as a risk factor for dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A population-based register study
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Background Previous research has indicated that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with an increased risk for dementia, but studies are scarce and inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the association between ADHD, and dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Additionally, we aimed to investigate the impact of comorbid conditions, educational attainment, head injuries, other developmental disorders, and sex on the association. Methods The study population consisted of 3,591,689 individuals born between 1932 and 1963, identified from Swedish population-based registers. Cases of ADHD, dementia and MCI were defined according to ICD diagnostic codes and ATC codes for medication prescriptions. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to test the associations between ADHD, and dementia and MCI. Results Individuals with ADHD had an increased risk for dementia and MCI. After adjusting for sex and birth year, a hazard ratio (HR) was 2.92 (95% confidence interval 2.40-3.57) for dementia, and 6.21 (5.25-7.35) for MCI. Additional adjustment for psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and bipolar disorder) substantially attenuated the associations, HR = 1.62 (1.32-1.98) for dementia, and 2.54 (2.14-3.01) for MCI. Common metabolic disorders (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and obesity), sleep disorders, head injuries, educational attainment, and other developmental disorders, had a limited impact on the association. The association between ADHD and dementia was stronger in men. Conclusions ADHD is a potential risk factor for dementia and MCI, although the risk significantly attenuates after controlling for psychiatric disorders. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to explore underlying mechanisms of the associations.
Originalsprog | Engelsk |
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Artikelnummer | e3 |
Tidsskrift | European Psychiatry |
Vol/bind | 65 |
Udgave nummer | 1 |
Antal sider | 8 |
ISSN | 0924-9338 |
DOI | |
Status | Udgivet - 2022 |
Bibliografisk note
Funding Information:
This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 754285. E.D.R. was supported by grant 2019-01172 from the Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life, and Welfare, and by grant 2019-00482 from Fredrik & Ingrid Thurings Stiftelse. Z.C. was supported by grants from the Swedish Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare (2019-00176) and the Karolinska Institutet Research Foundation. H.L. acknowledge financial support from the Swedish Research Council (2018-02599) and the Swedish Brain Foundation (FO2018-0273).
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